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      个税改革将加速推进 养老二孩房贷等有望抵扣


        《經濟參考報》記者從業內獲悉,繼營改增、資源稅之後,個人所得稅改革將成爲下一步稅改的最大看點,下半年有望獲加速推進。我國個人所得稅將邁向綜合與分類相結合的所得稅制度,工資薪金、勞務報酬等將統一納入綜合範圍征稅,此外,養老、二孩、房貸利息等家庭負擔也有望納入抵扣。

        從國際上看,個人所得稅按照征收方式可以分爲綜合稅制、分類稅制、綜合與分類相結合的稅制三種類型。我國目前實行的是分類稅制,即將個人各種來源不同、性質各異的所得進行分類,分別扣除不同的費用,按不同的稅率課稅。現行稅法中個人所得稅的應稅所得額包括工資、薪金所得,個體工商戶的生産、經營所得,對企事業單位的承包經營、承租經營所得,勞務報酬所得,利息、股息、紅利所得,財産租賃所得,以及財産轉讓所得等共計11類。2015年財政決算顯示,我國個人所得稅收入8671億元,占全國稅收的6.9%。

        業內專家指出,分類征收是我國長期以來稅收實踐形成的模式,目前來看暴露出一些問題,比如忽略家庭負擔,同時也造成收入來源單一的工薪階層繳稅較多、收入來源多元化的高收入階層繳稅較少等。

        “比如說,一個人工資收入3200元,勞務收入800元,另一個人只有工資收入4000元,在現在分類的稅制下,第二個人就要交稅,而總收入相同的第一個人因爲兩項收入都達不到起征點就不用交稅。

        但綜合計算的話就能更加公平。”北京大學法學院教授、中國財稅法學研究會會長劉劍文對《經濟參考報》記者表示,建立綜合與分類相結合的個人所得稅制,也正是基于收入分配改革的公平考量以及優化稅制結構的考量。

        記者了解到,此次個人所得稅改革的最核心內容就是建立綜合與分類結合的所得稅制度。所謂綜合,通俗地講就是將個人多項收入加總在一起之後再根據起征點和稅率計算納稅額。而在當前的11類所得中,哪些會納入綜合征稅範圍成爲關注的焦點。

        在劉劍文看來,應主要根據收入的性質劃分,“比如說工資薪金、勞務所得、財産租賃所得和財産轉讓所得,前兩項是勤勞所得,後兩項是資本所得,至少這四項可以納入綜合征稅範圍”。

        中國社科院財經戰略研究院副研究員蔣震對《經濟參考報》記者表示,除了所得的特點之外,應該充分考慮信息的可獲得性,以獲得信息的程度爲依據,比如勞務報酬、稿酬等信息獲得比較充分的,可以考慮率先納入綜合征稅範圍。

        除了部分所得綜合納稅之外,“抵扣”也將成爲此次個人所得稅改革的一項核心內容。在現行稅制下,納稅人的家庭負擔因素沒有被考慮進去。財政部部長樓繼偉曾多次提出,個稅改革“在對部分所得項目實行綜合計稅的同時,會將納稅人家庭負擔,如贍養人口、按揭貸款等情況計入抵扣因素,更體現稅收公平”。

        劉劍文表示,抵扣是在個人所得稅制改革中一直倡導的,也是應該綜合考量的。目前個人所得稅的納稅主體是個人,在他看來,應該讓納稅人自主選擇,個人納稅或是家庭納稅,比如夫妻合並納稅。而根據家庭老人人數考量的養老負擔,以及房貸利息等都應納入抵扣。此外,考慮到稅收優惠是鼓勵二孩更加公平持久的方式,因此二孩負擔也應該納入抵扣。

        在稅率方面,中國社科院財經戰略研究院研究員楊志勇認爲,工資薪金所得適用稅率需要大幅調整,個稅改革應該定位爲減稅改革。基于國際人才競爭等因素,世界範圍內調低個稅最高邊際稅率是大勢所趨,比照發達國家和其他金磚國家,我國個稅的最高邊際稅率應該大幅度下調,同時將適用于最高稅率的月應納稅所得額調高到20萬元或更多。

        據了解,目前我國個人月應納稅所得額8萬元以上適用最高邊際稅率45%,這是1994年稅制改革時確定下來的,已經過去20多年。目前,美國、巴西、俄羅斯、印度、越南個稅的最高邊際稅率分別爲35%、27.5%、13%、30%、35%。

        在劉劍文看來,稅率可以適當下調,不過個人所得稅改革後整體稅負是增加還是減少不好一概而論。“是結構性的變化,不是單純的加或者減的問題。”他指出,還需要征管制度的配合,對高收入階層的征管完善等,讓納稅人得到更多實惠。總而言之,建立一個更加公平合理的稅制是關鍵。

        中國財政科學研究院研究員李全指出,從經濟學的基本邏輯來看,個稅的初衷是實現社會財富的再分配,使有限的社會資源取得更大的邊際效應。當然,現階段國內外經濟運行因素多變,在經濟築底期,個稅改革也能夠從一定意義上穩定宏觀稅負。這個過程中,由于多方面因素相互作用,在局部時點有可能形成增稅或降稅的效應,但長期來看則更有助于優化稅收結構。

        多位專家均指出,個人所得稅改革應該納入整體財稅體制改革的布局中,與稅收征管法、增值稅、消費稅、房地産稅等綜合考量,整體推進。

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      "I readily understand you," Doctor Bronson answered, "as I had the same feeling myself, and every American has it when he first comes to the country. He has a great deal of sympathy for the men, and I have known some strangers to refuse to ride in a jin-riki-sha on that account. But if you will apply reason to the matter, you will soon get over the feeling. Remember that the man gets his living by pulling his little carriage, and that he regards it as a great favor when you patronize him. You do him a kindness when you employ him; and the more you employ him, the more will he regard you as his friend. He was born to toil, and expects to toil as long as he lives. He does not regard it as a hardship, but cheerfully accepts his lot; and the more work he obtains, the better is he satisfied. And when you pay him for his services, you will win his most heart-felt affection if you add a trifle by way of gratuity. If you give only the exact wages prescribed by law, he does not complain, and you have only to add a few cents to make his eyes glisten with gratitude. In my experience of laboring-men in all parts of the world, I have found that the Japanese coolie is the most patient, and has the warmest heart, the most thankful for honest pay for honest work, and the most appreciative of the trifles that his employer gives him in the way of presents." "One of the curious places we saw was the Hall of Examinations. This is a large enclosed space, having rows on rows of little cells, where the candidates for the literary degree are examined once in every three years. There are eleven thousand of these cells, and each cell is just large enough for one man to occupy. The candidates are put in these cells, and each man is furnished with a sheet of paper and a pen. He must write on the paper any given page of the Chinese books called 'The Classics' without mistake or alteration, and he is not allowed to try a second time until the next examination comes round. There are men who keep on trying all their lives for the degree, and they tell of one man who succeeded after he was eighty years old. The candidates try all sorts of tricks to smuggle in copies of the books on which they are to be examined, and also extra sheets of paper; but they are carefully searched, and everything of the sort is taken away from them. "Yes, Captain." As I wiped the brow again I heard the tread of two horses down in front of the house; they were Gholson's, and Ned Ferry's for Charlotte. "Captain, may I go and bring her--tell her what you say, and bring her?" Rose Lomas came slowly over the top of the hill. She was hatless, and her short, curly hair blew about her face, for a slight breeze had sprung up in the wake of the sunset. She wore a navy blue jacket over a white muslin blouse with a deep V at the breast. There was a fair stretch of plump leg, stockinged in black cashmere, between the edge of her dark skirt and the beginning of the tall boots that had taken so long to button up. She walked with her chin tilted upwards and her eyes half closed, and her hands were thrust into the slanting pockets of her jacket. "Quite so. The man was all twisted from his hip, and he had a crooked nose." He had not been arrested yet; his own voluntary evidence, backed up so strangely by the evidence of Hetty and the reporter, had staved that off for the present. But really, things were almost as bad. He had his own friends, of course, who were prepared to back him up through thick and thin, but there were others who passed him with a cold bow, or cut him altogether. He had called at one or two houses professionally, where he had been informed that his services would no longer be required. It was a bitter pill to swallow, but Bruce met it bravely. Even Hetty did not quite guess what he was suffering. "I know. I remember that now. I said goodnight to the Countess--eh, eh, the Countess!--and there was a policeman outside talking to a man in evening dress. He said goodnight to me and I walked down the road. I don't recollect anything else." "I want to speak to you for a moment," said Prout. Pastor Claes, mentioned in the above proclamation, has done very much for the miserable Louvain population; they owe him especially much gratitude for an act of devotion with regard to the murdered victims. The teleology of Aristotle requires a word of explanation, which may appropriately find its place in the present connexion. In speaking of a purpose in Nature, he does not mean that natural productions subserve an end lying outside themselves; as if, to use Goethe’s illustration, the bark of cork-trees was intended to be made into stoppers for ginger-beer bottles; but that in every perfect thing the parts are interdependent, and exist for the sake of the whole to which they belong. Nor does he, like so many theologians, both ancient and modern, argue from the evidence of design in Nature to the operation of a designing intelligence outside her. Not believing in any creation at all apart from works of art, he could not believe in a creative intelligence other than that of man. He does, indeed, constantly speak of Nature as if she were a personal providence, continually exerting herself for the good of her creatures. But, on looking a little closer, we find that the agency in question is completely unconscious, and may be identified with the constitution of each particular thing, or rather of the type to which it belongs. We have said that Aristotle’s intellect was essentially descriptive, and we have here another illustration of its characteristic quality.333 The teleology which he parades with so much pomp adds nothing to our knowledge of causes, implies nothing that a positivist need not readily accept. It is a mere study of functions, an analysis of statical relations. Of course, if there were really any philosophers who said that the connexion between teeth and mastication was entirely accidental, the Aristotelian doctrine was a useful protest against such an absurdity; but when we have established a fixed connexion between organ and function, we are bound to explain the association in some more satisfactory manner than by reaffirming it in general terms, which is all that Aristotle ever does. Again, whatever may be the relative justification of teleology as a study of functions in the living body, we have no grounds for interpreting the phenomena of inorganic nature on an analogous principle. Some Greek philosophers were acute enough to perceive the distinction. While admitting that plants and animals showed traces of design, they held that the heavenly bodies arose spontaneously from the movements of a vortex or some such cause;222 just as certain religious savants of our own day reject the Darwinian theory while accepting the nebular hypothesis.223 But to Aristotle the unbroken regularity of the celestial movements, which to us is the best proof of their purely mechanical nature, was, on the contrary, a proof that they were produced and directed by an absolutely reasonable purpose; much more so indeed than terrestrial organisms, marked as these are by occasional deviations and imperfections; and he concludes that each of those movements must be directed towards the attainment of some correspondingly consummate end;224 while, again, in dealing with those precursors of Mr. Darwin, if such they can be called, who argued that the utility of an organ does not disprove its spontaneous origin, since only the creatures which, by a happy accident, came to possess it would survive—he334 answers that the constant reproduction of such organs is enough to vindicate them from being the work of chance;225 thus displaying his inability to distinguish between the two ideas of uniform causation and design. LUCKNOW And there are ruins all the way to Delhi, whither we returned by the old fortress of Purana Kila, with its pink walls overlooked by a few aerial minarets and more traces of graceful carving, the precursors of the Divan i Khas and Moti Musjid the Pearl Mosque. “Yes—I think it was in the last few minutes!” Sandy declared. “We didn’t talk about the emeralds being hidden in it until almost the last thing before we went to fetch it here.” Jacketed from the supply Jeff kept for passengers, two of the Sky Patrol and a discomfited detective rose in the air and joined the pursuit. Presently they sailed out into a clear area and Larry sighed thankfully. He watched for a landing field beside a lake shaped like a half-moon. That would tell him he could set down on the landing spot the millionaire had built before going West. "You remember that woman," Cairness went on, making and rolling adroitly a straw-paper cigarette, "the one who was cook on the ranch for so long? She could tell us what it is, and I'll bet on it." She was quite alone, wandering among the trees and bushes in the creek bottom, and her hands were full of wild flowers. She had pinned several long sprays of the little ground blossoms, called "baby-blue eyes," at her throat, and they lay along her white gown prettily.[Pg 274] She stopped and spoke to him, with a note of lifelessness in her high, sweet voice; and while he answered her question as to what he had been doing since she had seen him last, she unpinned the "baby-blue eyes" and held them out to him. "Would you like these?" she asked simply. He took them, and she said "Good-by" and went on. "Understand," the Albert said. So, naturally, he was getting ready to go to the Social. Albin would be there, undoubtedly, some of the older men would be there—and a scattering of women would be there, too. (He remembered himself thinking, long ago before such a party: Tonight might be the night.) He shaved very carefully, faithful to memory, dressed in the best he could find in his closet, and went out, heading for the elevator. God save the Queen!" "But I'm the worst—the worst that ever was. I'm scum, I'm dirt"—and out poured more of the turbid stream, till Pete sickened. "Thank you, steward," replied Oakley, smiling, "but I would rather wait a few minutes. To be sure, it is a hard thing to be fasting from drink for two whole days! but then it is better than being a prisoner. We will be good friends, master Calverley, but we will not put too much faith in one another. And, as for taking your life—an idea which did occur to me just now—by the green wax! I don't think I could do it. To be sure, sometimes an odd fit comes upon me, but I believe, after all, the pen suits my hand better than the sword; nevertheless, to come to the point, steward, I must have money. I am going to turn an honest man; to gain the bondman his freedom, and the free man justice. You need not smile, for I have sworn to be a leader of the people."HoME香蕉自慰视频 ENTER NUMBET 009feilun.org.cn
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